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The Boy Who Cried Wolf

The Boy Who Cried Wolf

The Boy Who Cried Wolf, also known as The Shepherd Boy and the Wolf, is a fable by Aesop. The protagonist of the fable is a bored shepherd boy who entertained himself by calling out "wolf". Nearby villagers who came to his rescue would find the alarm a false one. When the boy was actually confronted by a wolf, the villagers did not believe his warnings and his flock perished. The moral is stated at the end of the fable as: :Even when liars tell the truth, they are never believed. The English idiom "to cry wolf", derived from the fable, refers to the act of persistently raising the alarm about a non-existent threat, with the implication that the person who cried wolf would not be taken seriously should a real emergency take place. A radically different view of this story is presented in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Elim Garak, a Cardassian, avers that the moral of the story is not "do not tell lies" but rather "do not tell the same lie twice." A cynical interpretation is also possible: Do not lie too often, and do not tell lies just for fun. Save lies for when they are needed.

Fable

:For other uses of the term, see fable (disambiguation). In its strict sense a fable is a short story or folk tale embodying a moral, which may be expressed explicitly at the end as a maxim. "Fable" comes from Latin fabula and shares a root with faber, "maker, artificer." Thus, though a fable may be conversational in tone, the understanding from the outset is that it is an invention, a fiction. A fable may be set in verse, though it is usually prose. In its pejorative sense, a fable is a deliberately invented or falsified account. A fable often, but not necessarily, makes metaphorical use of an animal as its central character. Medieval French fabliaux might feature Reynard the fox, a trickster figure, and offer a subtext that was mildly subversive of the feudal order of society. A familiar theme in Slavic fables is an encounter between a wily peasant and the Devil. In some usage, "fable" has been extended to include stories with mythical or legendary elements. The word fabulous strictly means "pertaining to fables", although in recent decades its metaphorical meanings have been taken to be literal meanings. An author of fables is called a fabulist.

History

Epicharmus of Kos and Phormis have been reported as having been among the first to invent comic fables.¹

Notable fabulists

- Aesop
- Vishnu Sarma
- Phaedrus
- Hyginus, author of Fabulae.
- Berechiah ha-Nakdan (Berechiah the Punctuator, Jewish author, 1200s).
- Marie de France
- Biernat of Lublin (Polish, 1465? – after 1529).
- Jean de La Fontaine
- Ignacy Krasicki (Polish, 1735 – 1801).
- Hans Christian Andersen
- Ivan Krylov
- "Uncle Remus" (Joel Chandler Harris)

Some modern fabulists

- George Ade
- James Thurber (1894-1961), Fables For Our Time.
- Damon Runyon
- Sholem Aleichem

Notable fables

- Stone Soup
- The Little Engine that Could
- Jonathan Livingston Seagull
- Watership Down
- The Lion King
- Emperor's New Clothes (fable)
- Fables and Parables by Ignacy Krasicki

References

- ¹ Philip Wentworth Buckham, Theatre of the Greeks, 1827.

External links

- [http://www.nickbostrom.com/fable/dragon.html The Dragon-Tyrant] Category:Fables ko:우화 ja:寓話

Aesop

:"Aesopus" redirects here: see also Clodius Aesopus. Clodius Aesopus German clothing, rather than traditional Greek garb.]] Aesop, or Æsop (from the Greek Aisopos), known only for his fables, was by tradition a slave of African descent who lived from about 620 to 560 BC in Ancient Greece. Aesop's Fables are still taught as moral lessons and used as subjects for various entertainments, especially children's plays and cartoons. Nothing was known about Aesop from credible records. The tradition was that he was at one point freed from slavery and that he eventually died at the hands of Delphians. In fact, the obscurity shrouding his life has led some scholars to deny his existence altogether.

Life

The place of Aesop's birth is uncertain – Thrace, Phrygia, Aethiopia, Samos, Athens and Sardis all claim the honour. Some scholars believe that he could have been African. His given name, Aesop, is the Ancient Greek word for "Ethiop", the archaic word for a dark-skinned person of African origin. According to the sparse information gathered about him from references to him in several Greek works (he was mentioned by Aristophanes, Plato, Xenophon and Aristotle), Aesop was a slave of a Greek named Iadmon, who resided on the island of Samos. Aesop must have been freed, for he conducted the public defence of a certain Samian demagogue (Aristotle, Rhetoric, ii. 20). He subsequently lived at the court of Croesus, where he met Solon, and dined in the company of the Seven Sages of Greece with Periander at Corinth. During the reign of Peisistratus he was said to have visited Athens, where he told the fable of The Frogs Who Desired a King to dissuade the citizens from attempting to depose Peisistratus for another ruler. A contrary story, however, said that Aesop spoke up for the common people against tyranny through his fables, which incensed Peisistratus, who was against free speech. free speech According to the historian Herodotus, Aesop met with a violent death in the hands of the inhabitants of Delphi, though the cause was not stated. Various suggestions were made by later writers, such as his insulting sarcasms, the embezzlement of money entrusted to him by Croesus for distribution at Delphi, and his alleged sacrilege of a silver cup. A pestilence that ensued was blamed on his execution, and the Delphians declared their willingness to make compensation, which, in default of a nearer connection, was claimed by Iadmon, grandson of Aesop's former master. Popular stories surrounding, Aesop were assembled in a vita prefixed to a collection of fables under his name, compiled by Maximus Planudes, a 14th century monk. He was described as extremely ugly and deformed, which is how he was also represented in a marble figure in the Villa Albani in Rome. This biography had in fact been in existence a century before Planudes. It appeared in a 13th century manuscript found in Florence. However, according to another Greek historian Plutarch's account of the symposium of the Seven Sages, at which Aesop was a guest, there were many jests on his former servile status, but nothing derogatory was said about his personal appearance. Aesop's deformity was further disputed by the Athenians, who erected in his honour a noble statue by the sculptor Lysippus. Some suppose the sura, or "chapter," in the Qur'an titled Luqman to be referring to Aesop, a well-known figure in Arabia during the time of Muhammad.

Aesop's Fables

Muhammad propaganda poster to allude to German treachery in Operation Barbarossa]] Aesop's Fables or Aesopica refers to a collection of fables credited to Aesop. Aesop's Fables has also become a blanket term for collections of brief fables, usually involving personified animals. The fables remain a popular choice for moral education of children today. Many stories included in Aesop's Fables, such as The Fox and the Grapes (from which the idiom "sour grapes" was derived), The Tortoise and the Hare and The Shepherd Boy and the Wolf (also known as The Boy Who Cried Wolf), are well-known throughout the world.

Sources

- Caxton, John, 1484. The history and fables of Aesop, Westminster. Modern reprint edited by Robert T. Lenaghan (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 1967).
- [http://www.bartleby.com/39/7.html Caxton's famous Epilogue]
- Bentley, Richard, 1697. Dissertation upon the Epistles of Phalaris... and the Fables of Æsop. London.
- Jacobs, Joseph, 1889. The Fables of Aesop: Selected, Told Anew, and Their History Traced, as first printed by William Caxton, 1484, from his French translation
- [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/a/aesop/a3j/a3j_hist.html i. A short history of the Aesopic fable]
- ii. The Fables of Aesop
- Handford, S. A., 1954. Fables of Aesop. New York: Penguin.
- Perry, Ben E. (editor), 1965. Babrius and Phaedrus, (Loeb Classical Library) Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965. English translations of 143 Greek verse fables by Babrius, 126 Latin verse fables by Phaedrus, 328 Greek fables not extant in Babrius, and 128 Latin fables not extant in Phaedrus (including some medieval materials) for a total of 725 fables.
- Temple, Olivia and Robert (translators), 1998. Aesop, The Complete Fables, New York: Penguin Classics. (ISBN 0-14-044649-4)
- [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/1998/98.5.16.html Bryn Mawr Classical Review, with Aesop bibliography]

External links

-
- [http://www.aesopfables.com AesopFables.com - Large collection of fables alongwith drawings, readings, and history]
- [http://quotesandpoem.com/literature/ListofLiteraryWorks/Aesop__ Searchable collection of Aesop’s Fables]
- [http://www.elook.org/literature/aesop/fables/ Aesop's Fables - Collection of over 500 fables]
- [http://www.greek-literature-online.com/aesop/ Aesop's Fables] from Greek Literature Online Category:620 BC births Category:560 BC deaths Category:Ancient Greeks Category:Slaves Category:Fabulists ko:아이소포스 ja:アイソポス

Shepherd

A shepherd is one who takes care of sheep, usually in flocks in the fields. Shepherding is one of the oldest professions, beginning some 10,000 years ago in Asia Minor. Sheep were kept for their milk, meat, and especially their wool. Over the next millennia sheep and shepherding spread throughout Eurasia. Some sheep were integrated in the family farm along with other animals such as pigs and chickens. To maintain a large herd, however, the sheep must be able to move from pasture to pasture, this required the development of a profession separate from that of the farmer. The duty of shepherds was to keep their flock intact and protect it from predators, such as wolves. The shepherd was also to supervise the migration of the flock and ensured they made it to market areas in time for shearing. In ancient times shepherds also often milked their sheep, and made cheese from this milk. In many societies shepherds were an important part of the economy. Unlike farmers, shepherds were often wage earners, being paid to watch the sheep of others. Shepherds also lived apart from society, being largely nomadic. It was mainly a job of solitary males without children, and new shepherds thus needed to be recruited externally. Shepherds were most often the younger sons of farming peasants who did not inherit any land. Still in other societies, each family would have a family member to shepherd its flock, often a child, youth or an elderly who couldn't help much with a harder work; these shepherds were fully integrated in society. youth, Montana, August 1942.]] Shepherds would normally work in groups either looking after one large flock, or each bringing their own and merging their responsibilities. They would live in small cabins, often shared with their sheep and would buy food from local communities. Less often shepherds lived in covered wagons that traveled with their flocks. Shepherding developed only in certain areas. In the lowlands and river valleys, it was far more efficient to grow grains and cereals than to allow sheep to graze, thus the raising of sheep was confined to rugged and mountainous areas. In the pre-modern times shepherding was thus centred on regions such as Palestine, Greece, the Pyrenees, and Scotland. In modern times shepherding has changed dramatically. The abolition of common lands in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth century moved shepherding from independent nomads to employees of massive estates. European expansion spread sheep around the world, and shepherding became especially important in Australia and New Zealand. While originally shepherding in those countries was done on the wide and open frontiers, in modern times it has become dominated by agribusiness. Metaphorically, the term is used for God, especially in the Judeo-Christian tradition (e.g. Psalm 23), and in Christianity especially Christ. It may also be worth noting that many Biblical heroes were shepherds, among them the Old Testament prophet Amos, who was a shepherd in the rugged area around Tekoa, and King David. See also pashupati. The same metaphor is also applied to priests, with Roman Catholic bishops having the shepherd's crook among their insignia (see also Lycidas). In both cases, the implication is that the faithful are the "flock" who have to be tended.

Moral

:This article is about the use of the moral in children's literature. For other uses of the word "moral", see morality. A moral is a one sentence remark made at the end of many children's stories that expresses the intended meaning, or the moral message, of the tale. For example, at the end of Aesop's fable about the tortoise and the hare, in which the plodding and determined tortoise wins a race against the much-faster yet extremely arrogant hare, the moral is "slow and steady wins the race." Morals have long been included in children's literature, perhaps because many of the stories written for children have been written for the purpose of teaching and guiding children, as opposed to entertaining them. Many morals are even introduced with the phrase, "The moral of the story is..." to emphasize to the reader what the point of the episode was. Morals have grown increasingly out of fashion in modern storytelling, and are now usually only included for ironic purposes. Category:Literature

Idiom

An idiom is an expression whose meaning is not compositional—that is, whose meaning does not follow from the meaning of the individual words of which it is composed. For example, the English phrase to kick the bucket means to die. A listener knowing the meaning of kick and bucket will not thereby be able to predict that the expression can mean to die. Idioms are often, though perhaps not universally, classified as figures of speech. Idioms typically admit two different interpretations: a literal one and a nonliteral (or figurative) one. Continuing with the previous example, the phrase to kick the bucket can, in fact, refer to the act of giving a kick to a bucket, but this interpretation is usually not the intended one when a native speaker uses the phrase. This aspect of idioms can be frustrating for students of a new language. Idioms are often colloquial metaphors. The most common ones can have deep roots, traceable across many languages. Many have translations in other languages, some of which are direct. For example, get lost! — which means go away or stop bothering me—is said to be a direct translation or calque from an older Yiddish idiom. While many idioms are clearly based in conceptual metaphors such as "time as a substance", "time as a path", "love as war" or "up is more", the idioms themselves are often not particularly essential, even when the metaphors themselves are. For example "spend time", "battle of the sexes", and "back in the day" are idiomatic and based in essential metaphors, but one can communicate perfectly well without them. In forms like "profits are up", the metaphor is carried by "up" itself. The phrase "profits are up" is not itself an idiom. Practically anything measurable can be used in place of "profits": "crime is up", "satisfaction is up", "complaints are up" etc. Truly essential idioms generally involve prepositions, for example "out of" or "turn into".

Common features

- Non-compositionality: The meaning of a collocation is not a straightforward composition of the meaning of its parts. For example, the meaning of kick the bucket has nothing to do with kicking buckets. (Kick the bucket means to die.)
- Non-substitutability: We cannot substitute a word in a collocation with a related word. For example, we cannot say kick the pail instead of kick the bucket although both bucket and pail are synonyms.
- Non-modifiability: We cannot modify a collocation or apply syntactic transformations. For example, John kicked the green bucket or the bucket was kicked has nothing to do with dying. It is likely that every human language has idioms, and very many of them; a typical English commercial idiom dictionary lists about 4,000. When a local dialect of a language contains many highly developed idioms it can be unintelligible to speakers of the parent language; a classic example is that of Cockney rhyming slang. But note that most examples of slang, jargon and catch phrases, while related to idioms, are not idioms in the sense discussed here. Also to be distinguished from idioms are proverbs, which take the form of statements such as, "He who hesitates is lost." Many idioms could be considered colloquialisms. In Spanish, the word idioma (= lengua) means language, and this is often reflected in their SL English—using idiom to refer to language.

Parlance

Parlance is a manner of speaking that is natural to native speakers of a language.

External links

- [http://www.goenglish.com Learn "Today's English Idioms" at GoEnglish.com]
- [http://www.eslcafe.com/idioms/ Idiom page at Dave's ESL Café]
- [http://www.briggs13.fsnet.co.uk/idiomslist.htm List of idioms by James Briggs]
- [http://www.aitech.ac.jp/~iteslj/quizzes/idioms.html Self-study Idiom Quiz by The Internet TESL Journal]
- [http://www.rootsweb.com/~genepool/amerispeak.htm Amerispeak - expressions of our American ancestors]
- Idioms Quizzes - [http://www.kwiznet.com/p/takeQuiz.php?ChapterID=2228&CurriculumID=16 Idioms Quiz 1] [http://www.kwiznet.com/p/takeQuiz.php?ChapterID=2283&CurriculumID=16 Idioms Quiz 2] [http://www.kwiznet.com/p/takeQuiz.php?ChapterID=2262&CurriculumID=16 Idioms Quiz 3] [http://www.kwiznet.com/p/showCurriculum.php?curriculumID=16 More Quizzes]
- [http://www.globalenglishsalon.com/idioms.htm Idiom Examples] Listen to idioms and learn the meaning of idioms.
- [http://www.whatdoesthatmean.com/ What Does That Mean?] A wiki based lexicon of English idioms. Category:Linguistics ja:慣用句 simple:Idiom

Star Trek: Deep Space Nine

Star Trek: Deep Space Nine is a science fiction television series that ran from 1993 to 1999. Based on Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek, it was created by Rick Berman and Michael Piller, and produced by Paramount Pictures. The main title is sometimes shortened to ST:DS9, or simply DS9. DS9 began while Star Trek: The Next Generation was still on the air, and there were several crossover episodes between the two series. Unlike its predecessor, DS9 was unabashedly original and often broke the rules laid down by Gene Roddenberry. In contrast with the other series, Deep Space Nine took place on a space station instead of a starship. It also relied heavily on continuing story arcs, many recurring characters, and darker themes. The main writers for DS9, in addition to creators Berman and Piller, included Ronald D. Moore, Peter Allen Fields, Ira Steven Behr, Robert Hewitt Wolfe, Joe Menosky, René Echevarria. Richard Manning, and Hans Beimler.

About the show

Originally conceived in 1991, shortly before Gene Roddenberry's death, DS9 chronicles the events surrounding space station Deep Space 9, a former Cardassian ore-processing station, which has recently been placed under joint control of the United Federation of Planets and Bajor, the planet it orbits. This unique premise makes it the first and so far only Trek series not to be set aboard a starship. According to co-creator Berman, he and Piller had considered setting the new series on a colony on an alien planet, but they felt a space station would both appeal more to viewers and save money due to the high cost of on-location shooting for a land-based show. However, they were certain that they did not want the show to be set aboard a starship because The Next Generation was still in production at the time and, in Berman's words, it "just seemed ridiculous to have two shows -- two casts of characters -- that were off going where no man has gone before." In the first episode, the crew discovers the presence of a nearby stable wormhole, which provides immediate transportation to and from the distant Gamma Quadrant; this makes the station an important strategic asset, as well as a vital center of commerce with a largely-unexplored area of space. Inside the wormhole live aliens who exist beyond time and do not understand the linear nature of other lifeforms. To the people of Bajor, these aliens are the Bajoran Prophets and the wormhole itself is the long-prophesied Celestial Temple. Commander Benjamin Sisko, who discovered the wormhole, becomes revered as the Emissary of the Prophets, a spiritual role with which he is not at all comfortable. spiritualDeep Space Nine was well received by critics, with TV Guide describing it as "the best acted, written, produced, and altogether finest" Trek series. However, some fans grew dissatisfied with the show's generally darker themes and objected to the notion of a series set on a space station. Fans of the series call themselves "Niners," after a baseball team of the same name, which appeared in the seventh-season episode "Take Me Out to the Holosuite". The show was never as successful in the ratings as its predecessor due to a variety of factors, not the least of which was the fact that, in its infancy, it was forced to compete with the well-established TNG for ratings in some markets. Nonetheless, it remained the top rated first-run syndicated drama series throughout most of its run and was successful enough that Paramount launched two more Trek series. It is best remembered for its well-developed characters and its original and complex plots.

Cast

Main characters

Paramount Featuring the most diverse cast in Trek history, DS9 was the first series to include non-Starfleet main characters; Kira Nerys and Odo are part of the Bajoran Militia, while Jake Sisko and Quark are both civilians. Ro Laren (Michelle Forbes) was reportedly the first choice of the producers for a First Officer, but as Ms. Forbes did not wish to commit to a seven-year contract, Kira Nerys was created instead. Among Starfleet characters, Miles O'Brien is the first enlisted (non-com) main character, reprising a supporting role he played on several TNG episodes. Over the course of its seven-year run, DS9's cast changed twice. The first change, at the start of the fourth season, was the addition of Michael Dorn as Worf, who had recently spent seven years on TNG. The original reason for this addition was to boost ratings, but the Klingon soon became an integral part of the show and fit in well. Worf eventually married Jadzia Dax. The second change was the removal of Terry Farrell (Jadzia Dax) and subsequent addition of Nicole de Boer (Ezri Dax). This was more of an abrupt change, and it came about because Farrell did not wish to renew her contract at the end of the sixth season, stating that she felt she would receive more screen time elsewhere due to the increasingly large cast of DS9. However, the writers did not want to lose Dax, so the Dax symbiont was saved when Gul Dukat killed Jadzia, and de Boer was brought on as its new host. Alexander Siddig (Julian Bashir) appeared in the opening credits by his birth name, Siddig el Fadil, for the first three seasons. He appeared as Alexander Siddig after he married co-star Nana Visitor (Kira Nerys), which placed their names together in the alphabetical cast credits. Siddig continued to be credited as Siddig el Fadil when he directed episodes.

Recurring characters

The very nature of DS9 (a space station rather than a starship) fostered a rich assortment of recurring characters, and it was not unheard of for "secondary" characters to play as much or more of a part in an episode as the regular cast. For example, "The Wire" focused almost entirely on Garak, while "Treachery, Faith, and the Great River" featured an A-story about Weyoun and a B-story about Nog. For a more complete list, as well as information about the characters, see List of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine characters. Academy Award winner Louise Fletcher starred in a recurring role as the Bajoran spiritual leader Kai Winn. Other prominent celebrities seen in guest and recurring roles included Vanessa L. Williams, Lark Voorhies of Saved By The Bell, James Cromwell, Gabrielle Union, Iggy Pop, and James Darren. John Colicos reprised his TOS role as Kor on several occasions.

Plots

Deep Space Nine also differs from previous Star Trek series in that it contains more story arcs which span several episodes and, indeed, seasons. Previous Star Trek series tend to restore the status quo ante at the end of an episode so that the episodes can be seen out-of-order without compromising their plot. Here, however, not only are events in one episode often referenced and built on in later episodes, but sometimes several episodes in a row would be cliffhangers. This trend is especially strong near the end of the series' run, by which time it had become very much a serial. One such story arc is that of Benjamin Sisko's role as a religious icon. He initially faces it with open discomfort and skepticism, referring to the Bajoran Prophets simply as "wormhole aliens" and striving to keep his role as commander of the station distinct from any obligations which the Bajoran people try to place on him. Later, he becomes more accepting of his role, and by the end of the series he appears to embrace it. serial The episode "Rules of Acquisition" introduces the Dominion, a ruthless empire in the Gamma Quadrant. It is led by "the Founders", comprised of a race of shapeshifters known as Changelings (the same race as station security chief Odo). They were once persecuted by non-shape shifters (whom they call "Solids") and they are now out to control any who are not like themselves. The Founders have created two races to serve them the Vorta, sly and subversive diplomats; and their vicious shock troops, the Jem'Hadar. These races worship the Founders as gods. The Dominion invades the Alpha Quadrant, forms an uneasy alliance with Cardassia, and eventually goes to war with the other major races. Throughout the series, loyalties and alliances change repeatedly: alliances with the Cardassians are made, broken, and remade; a short conflict with the Klingons flares, and the Federation finds an alliance with the Romulans. Amid all of this emerged a terrorist group known as the Maquis. Rooted in the events of TNG's "Journey's End," in which a group of Native American settlers refuse to leave when the world on which they live is given to Cardassia as part of a treaty, the Maquis are an example of the darker themes featured on DS9. They are Federation citizens who begin their own war against Cardassia, and many — such as Calvin Hudson, a close friend of Sisko's, and Michael Eddington, a former security officer aboard DS9 — are former Starfleet officers, which was unheard of previously. Another example of DS9's darker plot material is Section 31, a secret organization that exists apart from, but dedicated to the preservation of, the Federation. This undemocratic shadow organization justifies its unlawful, ethically questionable tactics by claiming that it is essential to the continued existence of the Federation. Section 31 is prominent in several episodes of the Dominion War plot. Such plot elements, as well as DS9's relative lack of exposure compared to its predecessor, garnered the show a reputation as the "black sheep" of the Trek family. Section 31 At the start of DS9's third season, with the threat of a Dominion attack looming on the other side of the wormhole, Commander Sisko returns from a trip to Earth with the USS Defiant a prototype starship. It remains stationed there throughout the end of the series, providing not only defense but also an avenue by which plotlines can progress without being limited by the stationary nature of DS9. At the time of its introduction, many fans objected to the Defiants presence, as they felt the series had finally begun to develop its own unique style; however, by the time of the Dominion War, it was clear that the Defiant was an inspired concept. After all, space stations rarely see the front lines in war. In DS9, the Ferengi are no longer an enemy of the Federation, but rather an economic power whose political neutrality is respected for the most part. Several episodes explore the capitalist nature of the Ferengi and these episodes are by far the series' most comedic. Ferengi are guided in their lives and in their business transactions by the Rules of Acquisition. Interpersonal conflict and even animosity between regular characters (e.g. Quark and Odo, Sisko and Kira), something previously forbidden by Roddenberry in Star Trek and Star Trek: The Next Generation, featured prominently on DS9. This was brought about at the suggestion of the TNG writers (many of whom also wrote for DS9), because they felt that the prohibition on interpersonal conflict between the main characters limited their ability to develop new and interesting stories. In the long run, this shift also helped give DS9 its unique charm. Several of the characters also have their own personal demons and stories that are rather specific to their character. The character of Jadzia Dax is a Trill; she is a young woman who has been joined with the Dax symbiont which is more than three hundred years old. This gives her the memories of seven previous lifetimes in which the symbiont was previously hosted by men and women. As such, Jadzia's behavior incorporates qualities from each gender. Because Commander Sisko was a good friend of Dax's previous host, Curzon, he often calls Jadzia "old man". Odo is a shape shifter who handles station security with a strong sense of justice and fairness. He is driven by a desire to find other shape shifters like himself and to find out where he came from. He eventually discovers that he is a changeling, the same species known to the Dominion as the Founders, and he is torn between a longing to reunite with his people, his duty to the station, and his love for Major Kira. Worf, even more so than on The Next Generation, struggles to balance his duties to the Federation with his Klingon heritage. He is forced to side with the Federation against his people when the Klingon Empire goes to war with Cardassia and withdraws from its peace treaty with the Federation. Later, he and Martok become a key part of the Klingon Empire's role in the Dominion War.
Themes
KlingonDeep Space Nine sheds some of the Utopian themes that embodied the previous versions of Star Trek. It focuses more on war, religion, political compromise, and other modern issues. The most prominent theme in the series is that of the deeply religious Bajoran people attempting to rebuild their world and their economy after years of oppression from Cardassia. The relationship between the Bajorans and the Cardassians is intentionally portrayed as a powerful Holocaust allegory, though there are also striking comparisons to be made with the Serbian occupation of Bosnia or the Japanese occupation of Korea. The Cardassians had put the Bajorans to work in forced slave labor camps under terrible conditions, killed them with impunity, and now refuse to acknowledge the atrocities that occurred during their reign. Deep Space Nine's first officer, Kira Nerys, was formerly an underground resistance leader responsible for many acts of sabotage and subversion and is required in her new role to learn diplomacy and patience. The relationship between the Cardassians and the Bajorans can also be regarded as colonial in nature. Much like in Kipling's "The White Man's Burden," the Cardassians believed themselves to be both technologically and culturally superior. According to Dukat, at the time of first contact, Cardassia was at least 400 years ahead of Bajor in every way. The Cardassians strip-mined Bajor and instituted forced labor camps under the guise of civilizing a lesser people. Guerrilla tactics by Bajoran fighters led to the removal of their colonial shackles in the same way that many colonies gained their independence in the 1960s and 1970s. The Star Trek universe portrayed in Deep Space Nine is one of power politics among the galaxy's great powers. Prior to the series, the Federation was showcased as a near utopian society guided by human rights. In contrast, the Federation in Deep Space Nine tries to balance its high ideals with the practical realities of galactic politics. This theme speaks to the current state of international affairs, a mixture of power politics among states and rapidly growing avenues of international cooperation brought about by globalization. Another theme DS9 visited on several occasions is the idea that the universe is not perfect and there is often no right or wrong answer to difficult situations. This theme is embodied by the Maquis storyline. Members of the Maquis were neither enemies nor criminals, but they take up arms against Cardassia in defense of their homes. Perhaps a quote from Sisko in the second-season episode "The Maquis, Part II" best describes not only the Maquis but also the stark contrast between DS9 and its predecessors: :"On Earth there's no poverty, no crime, no war. You look out the window of Starfleet headquarters and you see... paradise. Well, it's easy to be a saint in paradise. But the Maquis do not live in paradise. Out there in the Demilitarized Zone, all the problems haven't been solved yet. Out there, there are no saints... just people. Angry, scared, determined people who are going to do whatever it takes to survive. Whether it meets with Federation approval or not."
Awards and distinctions
Despite arguably debuting in the shadow of Next Generation, DS9 maintained a high profile. According to a press release through the Newswire on 7 April 1999, it was the #1 syndicated show in the United States for adults 18-49 and adults 25-54 (NTI). Additionally, the series was nominated for Emmy Awards every year of its run, winning some of them. It also won several Hugo Awards as well. This [http://ds9.deblauwe.org/ds9.html link] has a list of awards. The characters of DS9 were also featured on the cover of TV Guide a total of ten times during its run, including several "special issue" editions in which a set of four different-covered versions of the issue were printed. Critically, the show has received much acclaim for its character and plot development. Even minor characters tended to be multi-faceted and compelling. In an [http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/features/specials/article/1617.html an article about Star Treks greatest villains], STARTREK.com described Gul Dukat as "possibly the most complex and fully-developed bad guy in Star Trek history". Dukat in particular was the focus of several episodes, such as "Waltz", in which he has gone insane and begins to halleucinate, and "Covenant", in which he becomes a twisted Messianic figurehead for a group of Bajorans. The series was not without its detractors, but ultimately What You Leave Behind]]", "This is a grand, satisfying conclusion to this greatest of Trek series; [[J. Michael Straczynski [creator of Babylon 5; see below] can eat his heart out."

Controversy

Although there has been no official confirmation or denial, rumors hold that Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry was concerned about the concept behind the new series before his death in 1991. Given the nature of DS9 compared to that of its predecessors, the rumors are not unfounded, although whether Roddenberry would have been pleased with the outcome is open to interpretation. Many fans feel that Roddenberry would have approved of the evolution of the franchise, which could not continue with the same formula forever, but others feel that the series abandoned Roddenberry's vision of the future. Still others claim that DS9 would have been more successful and less controversial had it been released as a stand-alone series instead of part of the Trek franchise. Another contingent of fans believe that DS9 went too far in serializing its stories. They maintain that each Trek episode should be its own self-contained story because the strength of TOS was its social commentary. As with Roddenberry's take on the series, there is no consensus about the issue, but there is less evidence to support it. While DS9 exhibited many soap-like qualities, it still allowed for issue shows such as "Far Beyond the Stars," which was the first Trek episode to deal directly with racism, and "The Siege of AR-558," which had a powerful message about the effects of war. Further, one could argue that the heavier reliance on drama and action is less a product of DS9's individual contributions and more a general shift in all of Trek. Some fans of Babylon 5, another science-fiction show based on a space station, contend that DS9 plagiarized elements of Babylon 5s premise. There are indeed many similarities between the two shows, although later seasons of DS9 and particularly the introduction of the Defiant (introduced prior to a strikingly similar ship called the White Star on Babylon 5) took the show in a new, more original direction.
Taboos
:See also LGBT characters in the Star Trek universe. LGBT characters in the Star Trek universe DS9 is also notable for breaking several cultural taboos during its run. Most prominent among these is the issue of homosexuality. The episode "Rejoined" tackled this issue, with two female characters (Jadzia Dax and another Trill named Lenara Kahn) who are in love and at one point embrace in a passionate kiss. However, the context of the kiss is that a previous host of the Dax symbiont was male and in love with the previous host of the Kahn symbiont. The point was that, in the Star Trek universe, there was nothing controversial about lesbianism, but it was taboo for trill to continue a love relationship after changing hosts. The episode was widely praised for its message about bigotry, but it was controversial across-the-board: Traditionalist audiences objected to the episode's plot, and at least one television station reportedly edited the kissing scene out, but it was also criticized for skirting the issue. The episode first aired on October 30, 1995, a year and a half before the controversial "out of the closet" shift in the sitcom Ellen, thus upholding Star Treks tradition of being ahead of its time. (An earlier example is the TOS episode "Plato's Stepchildren," which featured the first interracial kiss to air on network television.) The next instance of homosexuality in the series, which arguably included it for gratuitous reasons, caused far less outcry and went largely unnoticed by comparison. The seventh-season episode, "The Emperor's New Cloak," features the Mirror Universe versions of Kira Nerys and Ezri Dax kiss in a clearly lesbian or bisexual context, but it went largely unnoticed. However, the episode "Profit and Lace," which revolved around a male (Quark) in drag for the sake of ridicule, is often criticized and has itself been the target of much ridicule. In addition to homosexuality, the episode "Far Beyond the Stars," much of which takes place in 1950s Earth, features two instances of potentially offensive language. In one scene, a character utters the phrase "For Christ's sake!" which is rarely allowed on American commercial television. In a later scene, Cirroc Lofton, as a 1950s African-American man, claims that blacks will never get to space except to "shine the shoes" of whites, to whom he felt blacks would always be niggers. Although not the first time the word had been used on American television (it was commonly used in dramas in the 1970s as well as the groundbreaking sitcom All in the Family), by the late 1990s utterance of the word in any context in the mainstream media had all but vanished. Another instance of offensive language likely went unnoticed among American audiences. The episode "Time's Orphan" features the Irish Chief O'Brien exclaim the British swear word "bollocks." The word was edited out in daytime UK showings. In addition to these, the series spawned and used several racial epitaphs for alien races in the series, such as "spoon head" for Cardassians.

Multimedia

Music

On June 30, 1993, between seasons one and two, DS9 followed other Treks in releasing the original score from its pilot episode, "Emissary," on CD. The title theme was also made available as a CD single, although not in wide circulation. Another compilation entitled "Warped" was also released later in the series' run. Several episodes received awards for their scores, such as "Our Man Bashir," which received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Score. However, as with other post-TNG series, no further scores were made available on CD. Emmy Award Musically, the series is far better known for one of its most unique elements, the character Vic Fontaine, a holographic Las Vegas lounge lizard from the 1960s. Introduced in the sixth-season episode "His Way," Vic (played by 60s heart throb James Darren) was very popular with the crew of the station and performed many period songs, most notably Frank Sinatra tunes. Among the songs in Fontaine's repertoire were "The Best is Yet to Come" (performed in "Badda-Bing, Badda Bang"), "Come Fly with Me," and "You're Nobody 'til Somebody Loves You" (both performed in "His Way"). In addition to providing a backdrop for some of the series' more memorable moments, such as a battle scene in "The Siege of AR-558," in which he sang "I'll Be Seeing You" during a battle scene, and the series finale "What You Leave Behind," in which "The Way You Look Tonight" played during a series of flashbacks, Darren's role as Fontaine allowed him to release a new album on August 24, 1999, entitled "This One's From the Heart."

VHS and DVD releases

Episodes of DS9 were made avalable on VHS cassettes, which generally contained one episode each (two-part episodes were combined on a single cassette). The first of these releases came on November 19, 1996 in the United States, but due to the inherent space-consuming nature of the cassettes, as well as the rise of DVD as the standard for home-video releases, the line was discontinued once all of DS9 had been released on DVD. The VHS covers can still be found on many review websites, which sometimes use them in place of a screen capture. DVD Following the DVD release of The Next Generation in 2002, DS9 was released on DVD beginning in late February 2003. As with other television shows, the DS9 was released in the form of boxed sets containing one season each and released approximately a month apart. On 26 October 2004, a compilation of all seven season sets was also released; however, for unexplained reasons (perhaps due to the unique packaging) the DS9 boxed set costs considerably more than other Star Trek series. The DVD release of DS9 contains more "special features" than that of TNG. Each season contains a Crew Dossier that gives a biographical look at one of the main characters, a section where make-up designer Michael Westmore details how the various aliens were created for the show, and numerous behind-the-scenes featurettes. These include original interviews with cast members, writers, and other members of the staff. Unique to the DS9 release are "Section 31" files (also known as easter eggs), which give a brief (two to five minute) look at something unique about the show. Each season contains between ten and fifteen Section 31 segments.

Books

easter egg :See also Deep Space Nine relaunch Pocket Books has published several dozen books based on DS9 since its premiere in 1993. Some of these were novelizations of memorable episodes, such as "Emissary," "The Search," and "What You Leave Behind," which were usually published a few days after the episode officially aired in the United States. Several novels were part of "crossover" series between the Trek franchises, while others were part of other franchises but dealt with events laid out in DS9. For example, The Battle of Betazed tells of how Deanna Troi attempted to resist the Dominion occupation of her world (Betazed had fallen to the Dominion in "In the Pale Moonlight") Most focus on the station and its crew, with a notable exception being Ira Steven Behr and Robert Hewitt Wolfe's Legends of the Ferengi. Of particular importance among the books published after DS9 concluded its run is Avatar, a two-part novel published on May 1, 2001, which continued DS9's legacy by picking up where the series left off. It began Season 8 of DS9, into which A Stitch in Time (a biographical look at the life of Elim Garak, written by Andrew Robinson) was incorporated retroactively. The events of "What You Leave Behind," DS9's series finale, caused some radical changes to occur in season 8. As Benjamin Sisko had entered the Celestial Temple, a new commander named Elias Vaughn took over his position, Garak became the leader of antebellum Cardassia, Odo (now a part of the Great Link) helped the Changelings rebuild, and Rom presided over the Ferengi Alliance, among other things. Outside its line of novels, DS9 has been the subject of several comic books and other publications. One comic is a spin-off of DS9, detailing Nog's experiences at Starfleet Academy. Another DS9 comic series became an exceptional example of licensed Star Trek works influencing each other, a major character from WildStorm Comics' N-Vector, Tiris Jast, appeared in the Avatar, Part I novel. Other publications, such as the Deep Space Nine Technical Manual and Deep Space Nine Companion, are common to all Trek series. DS9 series influences were included in role-playing game reference books from Last Unicorn Games and Decipher. Additionally, several novels have also been released in audio form, narrated by Rene Auberjonois (Odo).
Games
Several video games have been released over the years focusing on DS9, although they are relatively few in number compared to TNG. The first was Crossroads of Time, a side-scrolling platform game released for the Super Nintendo and Sega Genesis in 1995. The game takes place around the time of the series premiere, borrowing some stories from early episodes such as "Past Prologue" and creating others. A number of problems reportedly impeded the game's development process, and it met with mixed reactions. No further games were released outside the PC platform, although DS9's influence (particularly the presence of the Dominion) is present in many other games. The Fallen, Harbringer, and Dominion Wars. DS9's role-playing book was one of those that went unpublished when Decipher, publisher of the Star Trek role-playing game, discontinued its line.
Other merchandizing
Decipher Everything from action figures to models to chocolate bars of gold-pressed latinum and Quark masks. DS9 is also well represented at Star Trek: The Experience, where both Quark's Bar & Restaurant and the Promenade have been recreated faithfully. The former takes formal reservations or walk-ins, and is open daily from 11:30am-10:00pm (11 on Fridays). It serves Star Trek-style food and drinks, hosting gatherings such as conventions as well. The latter (called the Shopping Promenade) was the natural choice for a place to sell various souveniers and rarities; among the items for sale are Niners jerseys, official Starfleet uniforms and action figures.
References

General references

- Star Trek: Deep Space Nine - The Complete Seasons 1-7 (DVD)
-
Notes
#This quote was taken from an interview conducted on June 7, 2002 and used in the featurette "A Bold New Beginning" for the DVD set, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine - The Complete First Season. #Although it does not specify an issue or volume, the [http://www.ereader.com/product/detail/12878?book=Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine:_Unity publisher's description] for the DS9 relaunch novel Unity uses this quote to tout the book. #Writer/producer Robert Hewitt Wolfe said in an interview conducted on October 20, 2002 that the studio felt DS9's ratings were sagging at the end of the third season, and he and the other writers were asked to give viewers a new reason to watch. Their answer was to make Worf a part of the cast. The interview can be seen in "Charting New Territory," a featurette included with Star Trek: Deep Space Nine - The Complete Fourth Season. #More than likely, the Maquis were named for the French resistance group of the same name that fought against Nazi Germany in World War II. #The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette used this phrase in a November 30, 1999 editorial (which can be found [http://www.brannonbraga.com/1999/Articles/1999_november.htm#November%2030,%201999%20-%20Post-Gazette archived] on Brannon Braga's official website), as did Exclaim! magazine in a March 31, 2003 [http://www.exclaim.ca/index.asp?layid=22&csid=774&csid1=1493 review]. (Despite the connotations associated with the phrase "black sheep," however, the writers of both articles spoke highly of the series.) #The claim about editing the kiss out has not been independently verfied, but the fan site [http://www.gayleague.com Gay League] states in its [http://www.gayleague.com/forums/display.php?id=76 Gay Star Trek Timeline], "Reaction to the episode was strong: some stations refused to air the episode, a Southern affiliate edited the kissing scene out. Mail and phone calls ran very negative, although some positive feedback emerged." Spike TV currently shows the episode as it was originally filmed. #The groundbreaking nature of the kiss, which occurred between William Shatner (James T. Kirk) and Nichelle Nichols (Nyota Uhura), is described in the [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00005N5SF/ product description] for the VHS release, Star Trek - The Original Series, Vol. 34, which contains "Plato's Stepchildren" and "Wink of an Eye." It is worth noting that the kiss was technically forced by alien beings. #The fan website [http://www.agonybooth.com The Agony Booth] did a series called "The Worst of Trek," in which it polled members to choose the two worst episodes from each Trek series and then satirized the chosen episodes. The [http://www.agonybooth.com/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=963 poll] for DS9's first episode chose "Profit and Lace" by a wide margin; the "review" of the episode can be seen [http://www.agonybooth.com/extras/trek/profit_lace/ here]. (The decision was recently made to make "Let He Who Is Without Sin..." the second DS9 episode to receive this dubious honor.) #On his [http://www.mpmolyneaux.com/mm-ds9.htm personal website], lead designer Maurice Molyneaux provides behind-the-scenes information and personal reflections about the development of Crossroads of Time.
See also

- List of Star Trek: DS9 episodes
- Deep Space Nine relaunch
- Similarities between Babylon 5 and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
External links

- [http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/series/DS9/index.html Star Trek: Deep Space Nine] at StarTrek.com
-
-
- [http://www.dvdjournal.com/quickreviews/s/st-ds9.season01.q.shtml Star Trek: Deep Space Nine DVDs] at DVD Journal Category:1990s TV shows in the United States Category:Star Trek series Category:Television spin-offs
- Category:Syndicated shows Category:Sky One programmes ja:スタートレック:ディープ・スペース・ナイン

Garak

Elim Garak was a character in the fictional Star Trek: Deep Space Nine universe, played by Andrew Robinson. He was technically classified as a recurring character but many fans considered him to be a regular given his importance to the story arc and his presence in many episodes. Through the development of the character, viewers of the series became more familiar with the Cardassians, making them less of a stereotypical "villainous species" and more an accumulation of individuals with distinct personalities. Like many other Star Trek characters, Garak has a complicated good/evil duality. Although he is portrayed initially as a deceitful, unprincipled Machiavellian capable of torture and murder, he eventually becomes one of the series' heroes.

Formative Years

Elim Garak was born on Cardassia Prime to parents Enabran Tain and Mila. He was raised by his mother Mila and did not know the true identity of his father until much later on. A quick learner and an excellent student, Garak attended the prestigious military training school of Bamarren as a child. Most of the skills and traits associated with Garak can be said to have been picked up at Bamarren. He rose through the ranks and gained the respect of his peers and teachers, though he was ultimately betrayed by his one true love, Palandine. These events were formative to his character and general disposition. Garak was often punished as a child by being locked in a cupboard. It is believed this is the root of his later claustrophobia. After Bamarren, Garak began his career at the Obsidian Order, one of the premiere intelligence agencies of the Alpha Quadrant. Always a quick learner, he proved exceptional at his job and rapidly increased in rank and influence, becoming the right hand man of Enabran Tain, head of the Obsidian Order.

Exile

At the peak of his power and career, Garak was perceived to have succumbed to sentimentality and tried to meet with Palandine. He was caught and, because of his family's important role in Cardassian society, was exiled from Cardassia Prime. He chose to locate to Deep Space 9, then still Cardassian and called Terok Nor. During the withdrawal of Bajor by the Cardassians, Garak was deceived and left to the mercy of the Bajorans. He soon after tried in vain to win the favour of his government by spying on the Bajor-Federation negotiations. Garak has since made use of his extensive knowledge and abilities in aiding the Federation on numerous occasions. On Deep Space 9, Garak went into business as a tailor. Several other characters suspected that his tailor's shop was a mere front and he was still working for the Obsidian Order. Garak denied having ever been involved with espionage, claiming he was just "plain, simple Garak" and that his difficulties with the Cardassian government were a result of tax evasion. Garak was frequently at odds with Gul Dukat, the station's former commander. This was due to the fact that, as a member of the Obsidian Order, Garak was responsible for the execution of Dukat's father. After the Federation started administering the station, Garak struck up a friendship with Dr. Julian Bashir. While his exact motives for choosing Bashir are unknown, it is known that Garak wanted a Federation officer with whom he could regularly exchange "back channel" information with the Federation while keeping in communication with his contacts in the Cardassian Empire. Captain Sisko encouraged Bashir to pursue the relationship, although warning Bashir that Garak was probably not to be trusted. Bashir was most likely chosen because of his naïveté, intelligence, and trusting nature. However, despite the nature of their clandestine relationship, Garak and Bashir grew to be good friends despite their cultural and personality differences.

The Dominion War

Garak provided essential intelligence on Cardassia to the Federation during the Dominion War. His unique abilities can be said to have influenced the outcome of the war in the episode "In the Pale Moonlight" by getting the Romulans to abandon their neutrality and fight alongside the Federation by making his assassination of a pro-Dominion senator look like the work of the Cardassians. He also assisted the Federation victory at the Chintoka system in the episode "Tears of the Prophets". The extensive help given to the Federation against his own people led to his mental breakdown, though he believed he was ultimately helping Cardassia by assisting the Federation in defeating the Dominion. He later directly participated in fomenting an anti-Dominion revolution on Cardassia alongside Kira and Damar. Despite the efforts of Gul Dukat, Garak pursued a relationship with Dukat's daughter Tora Ziyal when she sought refuge on DS9 after her rescue from the Breen. When they were separated during the Dominion occupation of DS9, they realized they loved each other. Ziyal's eventual rejection of her father's wishes led to her death at the hands of Dukat's aide Corat Damar when the Federation was on the verge of re-occupying the station.

Post-War Involvement

The Federation-led alliance won the war and Garak returned to his people. What was supposed to be his moment of triumph turned into a pyrrhic victory given the death of 1 billion Cardassians and the destruction of much of Cardassia Prime's infrastructure. Garak has since assisted in the rebuilding and recovery of Cardassia, while also supporting democratic reforms for its government. He believes that the Dominion War and destruction of Cardassia was partially caused by its military-led government. The post-war Garak is a wholly different person in this respect, given his extensive ties to the military. The Deep Space Nine novel A Stitch In Time, written by Robinson, is supposedly Garak's memoir, and gives a great deal of information about his past and current circumstances. While the novels are not officially considered part of the Star Trek canon, this book can, given its author, be considered a fairly definitive portrait of the character. As such, much of this information was obtained from his book.

Memorable quotes

From "Past Prologue"
Doctor Julian Bashir: You're Mister Garak, aren't you?
Garak: No, please, just plain, simple, Garak.
From "Profit and Loss"
Bashir: Assuming you're not a spy...
Garak: Assuming?
Bashir: ...Then you might be an outcast.
Garak: Or maybe I'm an outcast spy.
Bashir: How could you be both?
Garak: I never said I was either.
From "The Way of the Warrior" Garak (Shooting attacking Klingons with phaser): I find this hand to hand combat really quite distasteful.
Dukat (Fighting two Klingons with bat'leth): I suppose you would prefer the simplicity of an interrogation chamber.
Garak: You have to admit, it's much more civilized!
From "By Inferno's Light"
Garak: I only wish I were still a member of the Obsidian Order. This would make a wonderful interrogation chamber. Tight quarters, no air, bad lighting, random electric shocks, it's perfect.
From "Purgatory's Shadow"
Garak: Lying is a skill like any other, and if you want to maintain a level of excellence, you have to practice constantly.

Appearances

Garak appeared in the following episodes: Season 1
- Past Prologue Season 2
- Cardassians
- Profit and Loss
- The Wire
- Crossover Season 3
- The Search, part II
- Second Skin
- Civil Defense
- Distant Voices
- Through the Looking Glass
- Improbable Cause
- The Die Is Cast Season 4
- The Way of the Warrior, part I
- The Way of the Warrior, part II
- Our Man Bashir
- Shattered Mirror
- For the Cause
- Body Parts
- Broken Link Season 5
- Things Past
- In Purgatory's Shadow
- By Inferno's Light
- Empok Nor
- Call to Arms Season 6
- A Time to Stand
- Rocks and Shoals
- Favor the Bold
- Sacrifice of Angels
- In the Pale Moonlight
- Tears of the Prophets Season 7
- Afterimage
- The Emperor's New Cloak
- Inter Arma Enim Silent Leges
- When it Rains...
- Tacking into the Wind
- Extreme Measures
- The Dogs of War
- What You Leave Behind, part I
- What You Leave Behind, part II

External link

-
- A list of 10 [http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/features/specials/article/1664.html "Great Garak Episodes"] at [http://www.startrek.com StarTrek.com]
- A brief [http://www.startrek.com/startrek/view/library/characters/DS9/bio/1071389.html Elim Garak Biography] at [http://www.startrek.com StarTrek.com] Category:Cardassian characters Category:Fictional secret agents and spies Category:Star Trek: Deep Space Nine characters

Cardassian

Cardassians, a spacefaring race in the fictional Star Trek universe, and the Cardassian Union were introduced in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Wounded". Cardassians were one of the main parts of the storyline in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. The Cardassian homeworld is Cardassia Prime in the Alpha Quadrant.

Biology

Cardassians are roughly humanoid in appearance, but have distinctive ridged arches connecting their shoulders to the top of their necks. This characteristic might be compared to the Vaadwaur. They also have ridges on either side of their forehead, ridges surrounding their eyes, and protrusions on their chin and below their nose. They also have a spoon-shaped feature starting in the center of their forehead and running down the length of their nose. This has earned them the derogatory name of "spoonheads." The spoon shape is also on their chest. This odd feature has also been described in gynecological terms and inspired a Saturday Night Live skit making the satirical point that the facial features of some Star Trek aliens resemble non-facial human body parts. Their skin is tan or gray in color and hair is dark brown or black. Since scale patterns on Cardassian necks have been shown to change from appearance to appearance (Garak, for example), makeup artist Michael Westmore has theorized in a 2005 issue of Star Trek Insider that Cardassians continually shed and regrow scales. Female Cardassians' neck ridges and forehead "spoon" are tinted blue. Compared to humans, Cardassians prefer warmer and darker climates.

Culture

Cardassians tend to be predatory in nature, like wolf packs, always seeking out the dominant position in any social gathering. In normal courting behavior, Cardassian couples routinely act bitter and snap at each other. Cardassian society is generally non-sexist - both men and women can rise to high ranks in the military, for instance. However, other fields are not so diverse, such as the scientific community which is mostly female. Cardassia's educational system is legendary throughout the quadrant. From a very young age, Cardassian children are trained in techniques such as photographic memory which allow them to retain vast amounts of information. It is rumored that deep hypnosis also plays a role in Cardassian schooling. Cardassian mental disciplines are rumored to be so complete that a Cardassian will prove almost totally resistant to torture; a Vulcan mind meld is also usually ineffective against a Cardassian who is properly trained. Cardassians generally believe the state is more important than the individual and thus have been described as fascist. Certainly their government is powerful and the intelligence service, the Obsidian Order, excels in ruthless efficiency. Cardassians seen on Deep Space Nine are generally proud and patriotic, and reference is occasionally made to their xenophobic tendencies, although they are often seen co-operating with other races with no apparent friction. When representatives of the science ministry visited DS9 in "Destiny", they were noticeably less patriotic and more liberal than most Cardassians seen previously. They are generally cunning and suspicious. This is evident in battle, as evidenced in "Soldiers of the Empire" in which a Klingon speaks admiringly of Cardassian adversaries who always had 'a plan within a plan within a plan leading to a trap'. A popular Cardassian board game is 'Kotra', which, as Garak describes it, favours bold tactical manoeuvres over defensive play; hence Garak's criticism of Nog's attempts to regroup his pieces during a game they played in the episode "Empok Nor". In Cardassian criminal trials the defendant is presumed guilty and in fact the punishment is already decided before the trial begins; the purpose of the trial is merely to help the defendant acknowledge his wrongdoing. In Cardassian mystery novels, everyone is always guilty, the puzzle being to work out who is guilty of what. Cardassians are also very concerned about their families. For example, Garak enters a Dominion prison camp to speak with his father, Enabran Tain, one last time before Tain died. In another incident Gul Dukat is driven insane when his daughter Tora Ziyal dies. In Cardassian society, advanced age is seen as a symbol of power and dignity; in Cardassian families, it is common for many generations to live together under one roof. Cardassian literature often confounds humans. For example, humans see all Cardassian mystery stories as having an identical plot: the inevitable result is that all the suspects are eventually proved guilty of the crime (parallelling the plot of one of Agatha Christie's best known novels) and proving the supremacy of the state. However, human entertainment often confounds Cardassians. For example, most Cardassians figure out during the first act of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar that all the conspirators are going to kill him, but cannot understand why Caesar cannot figure this out (or is willfully blind to an impending coup d'état) until the knives are literally coming at him from all directions. See also: Gul (Star Trek)

Technology

Known Cardassian starships include the Galor-class warship, a medium-sized cruiser which, throughout The Next Generation, was the most powerful vessel in Cardassian service. The Galor is armed with two large phaser cannons (or it may be a plasma cannon), one forward and one aft. They are also armed with numerous secondary phaser cannons mounted at other points across the hull, and they may carry a complement of photon torpedoes. Estimates vary, but it is thought a Galor class vessel would be roughly comparable to a Federation Excelsior-class starship in a conflict. According to some Trekkies with an eye for detail, it is unclear how a fleet of such ships would be powerful enough to seriously threaten the Federation; however, it can also be intuited that Cardassian technological deficits could be balanced by superior numbers and/or exceptional tactical cunning. Given that the Cardassian fleet is almost entirely optimized for military operations (unlike Starfleet) it could be surmised that they have larger numbers of these pure warships than the Federation. It is believed that Galor-class ships are weaker than later Federation vessels, so that it takes at least two Galors to seriously challenge a large starship like a Galaxy-class vessel. A more powerful Cardassian ship is the Keldon class starship (which is similar to the Galor-class excepting that it has a few additional protrusions added). This ship class is assumed to be comparable to the Galaxy-class in tactical capability; however, why they have not been seen in greater numbers is uncertain. However, the Federation only built a handful of Galaxy-class vessels itself, so perhaps large numbers of the similarly advanced Keldon should not be expected. All Cardassian warships seen so far are painted ochre, and have backwards-swept delta winged hulls (resembling an ankh); the delta wings resemble fins, giving the Cardassian ships the appearance of predatory sharks. They are all protected by force fields.

History

Pre-Dominion membership

They were once a peaceful, spiritual people who collected works of art from all over the Alpha Quadrant, but their home planet Cardassia Prime lacked natural resources. The entire planet was stricken by famine and disease until the military took control of the government and expanded Cardassian borders, building fleets of warships and invading nearby worlds. Of particular note is Bajor which was occupied for fifty years, and the end of whose occupation destabilised the Cardassian government. The date of first contact between the Cardassians and Starfleet is unknown, but is likely to have occured mid-to-late 22nd Century. A Cardassian exile, Iloja of Prim, lived on Vulcan during that time period. Sometime before 2347 the Cardassians attempted to expand into Federation territory and war broke out, lasting around twenty years. Captain Edward Jellico spearheaded successful attempts by Starfleet to negotiate a peace treaty which ended the war. Shortly after the Cardassians withdrew from Bajor, a Federation presence was established aboard Terok Nor, renamed Deep Space Nine, to assist the Bajoran Provisional Government in rebuilding Bajor. However, the Federation officers discovered a wormhole to the Gamma Quadrant close to the station ("Emissary"). Roughly four months later, the Federation-Cardassian borders were redefined, with the two sides buffered by a demilitarized zone. However, the Cardassians harassed the Federation colonists in the DMZ who then retaliated by forming a resistance movement known as The Maquis. Around the same time, the Obsidian Order (the Cardassian intelligence agency) began to gain power. However, it was destroyed when it allied with its Romulan counterpart, the Tal Shiar, in a pre-emptive strike against the Dominion, a new threat from the Gamma Quadrant ("The Die Is Cast"). In January of 2372 (Stardate 49011), the Klingon Empire attacked the Cardassians believing the Detapa Council of Cardassia (which had just come to power in the wake of the Central Command being overthrown, making it the first civilian government of the Cardassian Union with Gul Dukat as military advisor) had been infiltrated by the Dominion ("The Way of the Warrior"). The attack was led by General Martok who, it turned out, had been himself replaced by a shapeshifter, one of the leaders of the Dominion (first revealed in "Apocalyse Rising"; see also "In Purgatory's Shadow").

Dominion membership

Then, sometime between October 2373 and February 2374, with a Dominion attack on Deep Space Nine imminent, Gul Dukat announced the Cardassian Union's entry into the Dominion, shocking not only the Federation but most Cardassians as well. At the same time, Gul Dukat announced his ascension as leader of the Cardassian Union. Five days later, nearly the entire Maquis movement was slaughtered by the Dominion (except for those on the USS Voyager, that was lost in the Delta Quadrant at the time). Otherwise, nearly all the other Maquis who had not died were in Federation prisons. Delta Quadrant The Cardassians (as members of the Dominion) captured DS9 ("Call to Arms"), but the Federation managed to block the Bajoran wormhole with self-replicating mines, preventing the Dominion from sending reinforcements from the Gamma Quadrant. Unfortunately for the Federation, Gul Damar discovered a way to disable the self-replication of the mines and completed the procedure and fired on the minefield seconds before Rom and Kira disabled DS9's weapons in hopes to prevent just that. The USS Defiant attacked DS9 and managed to take it back when the Bajoran Prophets destroyed an entire Dominion fleet on its way through the wormhole. Gul Dukat was captured after his daughter Ziyal was killed by Gul Damar, who was then promoted to Legate ("Sacrifice of Angels"). Under the leadership of Damar, the Cardassian Union, along with the Dominion, continued to gain ground over the Klingon-Federation alliance, and even after Benjamin Sisko and Garak tricked the Romulans into breaking their nonaggression treaty with the Dominion and joining the alliance ("In the Pale Moonlight") they still managed to keep the upper hand.

Opposition to the Dominion

Damar, however, was not happy. While he had hoped that Cardassia's joining the Dominion would strengthen their power, he felt that they were no longer in control of even their own planet, having to report to the Dominion representative Weyoun and the Founders, and Cardassian troops were being sacrificed seemingly meaninglessly without his permission. For a time, Damar sank into heavy drinking. Shortly after the Breen joined the Dominion, almost guaranteeing the Dominion's victory, Damar organised a revolt but was betrayed by a man he approached in order to bring into the conspiracy. A Cardassian named Broca became Legate and puppet ruler of Cardassia after with his information, and treason within the Revolt, the Dominion crushed it and forced Damar into hiding. The revolt started out as just a small legion of troops headed by Damar, but during the final assault on The Dominion over Cardassia Prime by the Federation-Klingon-Romulan alliance, Damar managed to get an open revolt started on Cardassia itself. In response to Cardassian citizens engaging in acts sabotage, the Dominion punished the Cardassians by destroying Lakarian City killing millions of men, women, and children in the process of reducing it to ashes. As a result, the Cardassian fleet switched sides during battle and assisted the alliance, opening a hole in the Dominion lines and forcing the Jem'Hadar and the Breen to establish a new defense perimeter around Cardassia Prime itself. When word of the fleet's defection reached the Dominion command center, the Female Changeling ordered every Cardassian on the planet killed. With the Cardassian fleet helping the alliance and the rebel's attack on the Dominion headquarters on Cardassia, the Dominion surrendered, ending the Dominion War. The Cardassian cost due to the Dominion War was the highest of all the major powers. The homeworld was severely damaged by the Dominion. Cardassia was in much worse shape than Bajor and would require years of rebuilding. The long term effect on the ecology of the planet remains to be seen. Over 800 million Cardassians had died on Cardassia alone. It remains to be seen if the Cardassian race will be able to recover from this disaster.

Mirror universe Cardassians

In the Mirror Universe, the Cardassians formed an alliance with the Klingon Empire after conquering the Terran Empire. Beyond that, the Cardassians of the Mirror universe appear to be more or less identical to their 'normal' counterparts.

References

- [http://www.greatlink.org/stateraces/cardassians.asp State of the Races: Cardassian Union]
- The Star Trek Encyclopedia
- [http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Nebula/4156/infirmary/xeno/cardassian.html Xenobiology Database: Cardassian]

External links

-
- (Struggle against the Dominion)
- A large Information Source on [http://www.ucip.org/thorkahn/Cardassian Cardassians] (contains non-canon/roleplay based information) Category:Star Trek races category:villain races

False alarm

:For more generic meaning, see False positive. A false alarm is the phony report of an emergency, bringing resources (such as fire engines) to a place that it is not needed, and/or causing unnecessary panic. Over time, enough false alarms in a certain area will cause its inhabitants to start to ignore it, knowing that each time it will always likely be a fake. The concept of this can be traced as far back as the story of The Boy Who Cried Wolf, where excessive times of the boy yelling "wolf" caused the townspeople to ignore his cries when a real wolf came. In addition, false alarms have the potential of diverting emergency responders away from legitimate emergencies, which could ultimately lead to loss of life. In industrial alarm management, a false alarm refers to an alarm with little information content that can usually safely be eliminated. One tragic example of the consequences of continued false alarms was at Boland Hall at Seton Hall University on January 19, 2000. Months of false alarms caused many students to start ignoring the fire alarms. But one night, an actual fire broke out, and three students who ignored the alarms died, with many more suffering injuries. False alarms could also refer to situations where one becomes startled about something that isn't true.

The Wolf who cries Boy

The Wolf who cries Boy is a character created by cartoonist Stephan Pastis as a Bizarro version of The Boy who cried Wolf. He first appeared in an episode of Pearls before Swine on August 6 2005.

Category:English phrases

Phrases Category:Phrases

Category:Fables

Category:Short stories

Cranes in Britain

__NOTOC__ Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds of the order Gruiformes. Two species of occur as wild birds in Britain: the Common Crane, a scarce migrant and very localised breeding resident, and the Sandhill Crane, an extreme vagrant from North America. A third species, the Demoiselle Crane has been recorded on a number of occasions, but these birds have not generally been accepted as being of wild origin. A number of other species are kept in captivity, resulting in the possibility of escapees being seen.

Common Crane

Historical occurrence

The Common Crane is generally believed to have been a breeding bird in Britain in the Middle Ages. Confusion arises as the Grey Heron was, and still is, known as "crane" in many parts of rural England. Among ths strongest evidence that Common Cranes did genuinely occur was the fact that an Act of Parliament of 1533 included a measure that made the taking of cranes' eggs an offence, punishable by a fine, and five mentions in the "Household book of the L'Estrange family" of the supply of cranes for their larder between 1519 and 1533.

Migrant status

Common Crane is a scarce spring and autumn migrant to Britain, with occasional birds remaining in winter or summer.

Recolonisation of the Norfolk Broads

In the late 20th Century, Common Crane recolonised the Norfolk Broads; the species has now established a resident population of some 20 individuals. This population is centred around the northeastern part of the Broads, in the Sea Palling / Horsey // Hickling area. The origins of this population can be traced to 15 September 1979, when two birds appeared near Hickling Broad; these two were joined by a third bird on 10 October. On 7 October, a Crane with a rubber object wrapped around its bill was found in the Irstead / Horning area. It was taken into care and released on Horsey in March 1980, temporarily bringing the population to four.

The 1980s

By the end of April 1980, only two birds remained; however, these birds stayed throughout 1980 and 1981, and in 1982 raised a single young, the first successful breeding in Britain for around four hundred years. A second young was raised in 1983, but disappeared before the end of the year. An additional bird joined the group on 16 August 1982, and remained with them until at least 1987. Further breeding attempts were made from 1985 through until the end of the 1980s, those in 1986 and 1988 being successful, with one young each raised. In addition, further migrant birds joined the flock; not all stayed, however both the wintering and summering populations steadily grew, as shown below:

The 1990s

During most of the 1990s, the population remained steady; however with several successful breeding attempts in the late 1990s, the population began to climb into double figures. Data on the 1990s' populations and breeding activity are as follows:

The 2000s

Figures for the 2000s so far:

Recent summering birds elsewhere in Britain

Away from the Broadland population, other birds have shown breeding behaviour, including:
- a displaying pair in Essex from May to September 1987
- pairs at two localities in Yorkshire in 2002, one of which was observed displaying

Sandhill Crane

Sandhill Crane is a very rare vagrant in Britain, having been recorded just twice, both times on Shetland:
- a first-summer on Fair Isle on 26 & 27 April 1980
- a first-summer bird at Exnaboe from 17 to 27 September 1991 (this bird was subsequently seen in the Netherlands) Elsewhere in Europe, there are records of Sandhill Crane from Galley Head, County Cork, Ireland in September 1905, and from the Faroe Islands on 14 October 1980.

Demoiselle Crane

Demoiselle Crane has been recorded a number of times — in Cumbria, Dorset, Hampshire, Kent, Lanarkshire, Lancashire, Lothian, Norfolk, Orkney, the Western Isles and Yorkshire — the origin of these birds is not known, and they have not been accepted onto the British List.

References

Information on the historical status of Common Crane was sourced from:
- Holloway, Simon (1996) The Historical Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland T. & A. D. Poyser (p.433) Information on the recolonisation of the Norfolk Broads was sourced from:
- Gantlett, Steve (1991) The Cranes of Broadland Birding World 4(2): 66-68
- Norwich and Norfolk Naturalists Society (2005) Norfolk Bird and Mammal Reports 1988 - 2004
- Ogilvie, Malcolm and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2001) Rare Breeding Birds in the United Kingdom in 1999 British Birds 94(8):344-381 (p.364)
- Ogilvie, Malcolm and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2002) Rare Breeding Birds in the United Kingdom in 2000 British Birds 95(11):542-582 (p.564)
- Ogilvie, Malcolm and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2003) Rare Breeding Birds in the United Kingdom in 2001 British Birds 96(10):476-519 (p.502)
- Ogilvie, Malcolm and the Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2004) Rare Breeding Birds in the United Kingdom in 2002 British Birds 97(10):492-536 (p.518)
- Taylor, Moss, Michael Seago, Peter Allard and Don Dorling (1999) The Birds of Norfolk Pica Press (pp. 229-231) Information on Sandhill Cranes in Europe was sourced from:
- Ellis, Pete (1991) The Sandhill Crane in Shetland Birding World 4(9):322-323 Information on Demoiselle Crane was sourced from:
- Evans, Lee, G. R. (1994) Rare Birds in Britain 1800-1990 Category:Gruidae Category:Birds in Britain

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